diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index ee8a4792fc6a35c400654917ac2650fe7fef1955..5068a572300159d083c66027063e52865dbf346b 100644 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -1,11 +1,16 @@ \documentclass[a4paper,UKenglish,cleveref, autoref, thm-restate]{article} +\usepackage{amssymb,amsthm,amsmath} + + +\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} +\newtheorem{corollary}{Corollary} + \bibliographystyle{alpha}% the mandatory bibstyle -\title{FO Model-Checking Superlinear\\ Transductions with Origin\\ -\small{and also a logic for SSTs}} %TODO Please add +\title{Exporegular functions} %TODO Please add \author{} @@ -17,7 +22,14 @@ \begin{abstract} -The abstract. + We introduce a new class of functions of exponential growth (at + most). It captures the class of polyregular functions and of + functions definable by SST with copy. We provide diverse + characterizations of exporegular functions: monadic-second order + interpretations (MSOMI). As an application, we prove that + model-checking non-deterministic SST with copy as well as + deterministic k-pebble transducers against a first-order logic + defining properties of their origin graphs is decidable. \end{abstract} @@ -28,17 +40,229 @@ The abstract. \label{sec:prelim} \subsection{Words, languages and transductions} \subsection{Relational structures and logical interpretations} -\subsection{SSTs and pebble transducers, semantics with an without origin} +\subsection{Exporegular functions} + +An exporegular function is a function $f : \Sigma^*\rightarrow +\Sigma^*$ defined by a monadic second-order interpretation\footnote{We +could add copy to MSOMI just as in Courcelle to avoid undesirable +cornercase behaviours with small words.} $T = +(\phi_{dom}(\overline{X}), \phi_\leq(\overline{X},\overline{Y}), +\phi_\sigma({\overline{X}}))$ where each of those formulas are MSO +formulas over signature $\{x\leq y,\sigma(x)\}$. We denote by +MSOMI(s2s) those MSO-interpretations whose output structure is a +string (it is decidable), or just MSOMI if this is clear from the +context. If instead FO formulas are used, we denote FO interpretations +with monadic parameters by MSOI. + + +We denote by \textsf{ExpF} the class of exporegular functions. +As an example, consider the following function. Let $\Sigma=\{a,b\}$ +and $\Gamma = \Sigma\times \{0,1\}\cup \#$. Let $u\in\Sigma^*$. +Given a +subset $U\subseteq Pos(u)$, we let $u_U\in \Gamma^*$ such that +$|u_U| = |u|$ and for all positions $p$, $u_U(p) = (u(p), p\in +U)$. Given another subset $V$, $U\leq_{lex} V$ if $U = V$ or the +smallest $x$ such that $x\in V$ iff $x\not\in U$ satisfies $x\in V$ +and $x\not\in U$. Finally, we let $subsets(u) = \prod_{U\subseteq Pos(u) \text{ in + lexicographic order}} u_U\#$. For example, +$$ +subsets(ab) = (a,0)(b,0)\#(a,0)(b,1)\#(a,1)(b,0)\#(a,1)(b,1)\# +$$ +It is easy to see that $subsets\in\textsf{ExpF}$. + + +\begin{theorem}[Backward translation theorem] + Given an MSOMI $T$ (from $\sigma$-relational structures to + $\beta$-relational structures) and some FO formula $\phi$ over + $\beta$, $T^{-1}(\phi)$, the set of $\sigma$-relational structures + $A$ such that $T(A)\models \phi$, is $MSO[\sigma]$-definable. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + Idea: any first-order quantification $\exists x$ in $\phi$ is + replaced by the monadic quantification $\exists \overline{X}$, + the atoms $x\leq y$ are replaced by + $\phi_\leq(\overline{X},\overline{Y})$, etc. +\end{proof} + +\begin{corollary} + The inverse image of any regular language by an exporegular + function is regular. In particular, exporegular functions have + regular domains. +\end{corollary} + +\subsection{NMSOMI relations} + +Just as MSOT can be extended with parameters to add some form of +non-determinism, MSOMI can also be extended with parameters to define +exporegular relations, and the backward translation theorem still +holds. We denote by $\textsf{ExpR}$ the class of exporegular +relations. + + +\section{Expressiveness of exporegular functions} + +\begin{theorem} + NSST$_{copy}$ $\subseteq$ \textsf{ExpR}. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + See IPAD notes. +\end{proof} + +\subsection{Lexicographic MSOMI and SST} + +An MSOMI $T$ is lexicographic if +$\phi_{\leq}(\overline{X},\overline{Y})$ is of the following form, for +$n=|\overline{X}|=|\overline{Y}|$: + +$$ +\overline{X} = \overline{Y}\vee \bigvee_{i=1}^{n} (\bigwedge_{1\leq + j<i} X_j = Y_j)\wedge \exists x\ \textsf{first-diff}(x,X_i,Y_i)\wedge \psi_i(x,X_i,Y_i) +$$ +where $\psi_i$ are MSO-formulas and $\textsf{first-diff}(x,X_i,Y_i)$ +holds true if $x$ is the $\leq$-smallest position in $X_i\cup Y_i$ +such that $x\in X_i\leftrightarrow y\not\in Y_i$. + + +An MSOMI $T$ is \emph{purely} lexicographic if all $\psi_i(x,X_i,Y_i)$ +are of the form $x\not\in X_i \wedge x\in Y_i$. + +\begin{theorem} + A transduction $f$ is definable by an SST with copy iff it is + definable by a purely lexicographic MSOMI. +\end{theorem} + +\subsection{Polyregular functions} + + +\begin{theorem} + \textsf{PolyF} $\subseteq$ \textsf{ExpF} +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} +\textsf{PolyF} = MSOI $\subseteq$ MSOMI = \textsf{ExpF} +\end{proof} + + +\subsection{ExpoRegular functions of polynomial growth} + +\begin{theorem} + $\textsf{ExpF}\cap O(n^d) = \textsf{PolyF}$ +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + See mail Nathan sent to Mikolaj on Saturday 2 April + 2022. Moreover, an MSOMI of $O(n^d)$ growth can be converted into + an MSOI of dimension $d$ (with $d$ first-order parameters). +\end{proof} + +Moreover, it is decidable whether an + +\subsection{Closure properties} + +\begin{theorem} + FOI $\circ$ MSOMI = MSOMI +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + Use standard ideas for composition logical transductions: formula + substitutions. The first-order parameters of the FOI becomes + monadic parameters. +\end{proof} + \section{FO model-checking of transductions with origins: SSTs and pebble transducers} \label{sec:mc} -\subsection{The Backward Translation Theorem} \subsection{Model-checking (copyfull) SSTs with origin} + +\begin{itemize} +\item Origin := input position where the output position was created in a +register update. +\item FO[o] := FO[$\leq_in,\leq_out,o(x,y)$], i.e. FO over origin graphs +\end{itemize} + + +\begin{theorem} + Model-checking non-deterministic SST with copy against FO[o] is decidable. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + Use the backward translation theorem. +\end{proof} + +\begin{theorem} + Model-checking $O(n^2)$ deterministic SST with copy against MSO[o] is undecidable. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + See IPAD notes. +\end{proof} + + \subsection{Model-checking pebble transducers with origin} -\section{SSTs and lexicographic MSO-interpretations} -\label{sec:sst-lex} +Origin = head position + +\begin{theorem} + Model-checking non-deterministic 2-pebble transducers against FO[o] is undecidable. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + See IPAD notes. +\end{proof} + + +\begin{theorem} + Model-checking deterministic pebble transducers against FO[o] is decidable. +\end{theorem} + +\begin{proof} + Use DPT = MSOI and the backward translation theorem. +\end{proof} + + +\section{Some remaining questions} + +\subsection{Expressiveness} + + +\begin{itemize} + \item does $MSOT\circ MSOMI \subseteq MSOMI$ holds ? Using Khrone + Rhodes theorem of Mikolaj, it seems that the only difficult case + is to post-compose a reversible Mealy machine with an + MSOMI. Candidate composition which does not seem to be easy to + show its membership to MSOMI: + $$ + even-filter \circ (1-filter \circ subsets) + $$ + where $1-filter$ only keeps the positions marked $1$ in + the results of the function $subsets$ and $even-filter$ only + keeps the even positions. It is easy to see that $(1-filter + \circ subsets)$ is MSOMI. + \item Is \textsf{ExpF} the smallest subset including the function + $subsets$ and the polyregular functions and closed under + composition ? +\end{itemize} + +\subsection{Computational models} + +\begin{itemize} + \item recursive programming language corresponding or being + captured by MSOMI ? + \item pebble transducer model ? candidate: transducer with + unboundedly many invisible pebbles. + \item what about MTT ? They have doubly-exponential growth, but do + they capture MSOMI ? + + \item MSOMI(succ) ? They have non-regular domains. Do they + correspond to LINSPACE ? + \item ``input rewriting sweeping transducers'': like sweeping + transducers but they can rewrite their input (in a + letter-to-letter mode) and stops whenever the input belongs to + some regular language. They should correspond to MSOMI(succ). +\end{itemize} \bibliography{biblio}